Introduction: Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) is accompanied by little side effects in experience. The mechanisms involved in TIM are not much clear. The purpose of this study is assessment of differences of warm and cold nature persons in neuroendocrine system and cytokine pattern (Th1/Th2) of immune responses.Methods: Thirty seven 20 to 40 years old male volunteers were divided into 2 groups of warm and cold nature using a standard questioner. warmth/coldness ratio of all volunteers was assessed according the results of the questioner. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and the concentration of IFN-g and IL-4 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured. Results: The results showed that norepinephrine/epinephrine and norepinephrine/cortisol ratios in the hot nature volunteers were significantly more than cold nature volunteers. The IL-4/IFN-g ratio in the hot nature group was more than in the cold nature group and this difference was approximately significant (P = 0.08). Also there was a significant positive linear correlation between the norepinephrine/epinephrine and warmth/coldness ratio (P = 0.008) and a nonlinear significant association between IL-4/IFN-g and warmth/coldness ratio (P = 0.022). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be deduced that the hot nature persons had a more peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity, less adrenal sympathetic, adrenal corticosteroid and parasympathetic nervous system activities and more deviation of immune system toward Th2 responses. Also the activity of sympathetic nervous system was increased and adrenal sympathetic was decreased with growing of warmth/coldness ratio. When the nature went toward severe warmth or severe coldness, the deviation of immune system toward Th2 like responses would increase, but this increasing was very more severe with going toward severe warmth than that of going toward severe coldness.

Intense temperature variations are not only an unfavorable phenomenon for life but have adverse effects on natural elements of structures and installations. When the temperature falls bellow certain levels, the conditions for organic activity, become harsh. This level is known as temperature threshold of life. Similar thresholds can also be defined for machinery, structures and installations. Further, when the temperature falls below zero degrees centigrade, its effects on living and non-living elements of the environment are greatly enhance. The December 10th-15th 2003 cold wave killed a number of human and animals hampered the intercity as well as urban traffic. Between 70 to 75 percent of the area of the country was frozen due to penetration of an extensive cold wave on December 11th-12th 2003, for the width of low. Temperature Goveraga in Iran, ING pressure has declined considerably and the houses administrations and didactic centers warm up process have serious problems. This was resulted from a Siberian high pressure trough formed around Baikal Lake. This led to, a considerable fall of temperature amounting to more than 15oC in most of the stations. A high elevation center at 500 to 700 hecto-Pascal levels formed prior to the beginning of cold wave on the Eastern Europe and moved over Caspian Sea and eastern' Ukraine in the following days leading to slow down of the trough and its blockage in eastern Iran and Afghanistan, for 4-5 days, amplitude portion of country specially western half, has been affected by Rick, thus resulting in continuation of cold weather fall over Iran.

Purpose: The concepts presented in Persian medicine, as one of the holistic theories in complementary and alternative medicine, are closely related to other fields of sciences. Institutionalizing the World Health Organization’ s approach to the application of traditional medical schools requires an interdisciplinary academic approach. In Persian medicine, changing the quality of warmth and coldness can lead to a change in the quality of speech characteristics. One case of this quality change is the change in outside temperature due to climatic differences. Since according to the hypothesis of Persian medicine, climatic characteristics can affect the quality of warmth and coldness and consequently the rate of air exchange (Tarvih) and ultimately the qualities of sound and speech, the present study, with an inductive approach, tries to find evidence to refute or accept this hypothesis. Methods: First, the reference books of Persian medicine, including Qanoun, Kamel al-Sena’ a at-Tibbia and Zakhirih-e-Kharazm-Shahi were surveyed and materials related to the subject of speech and the quality of warmth and coldness were extracted. Then, Medical databases and search engines, including PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as linguistic databases were investigated. Results: The results show that in situations that according to the principles of Persian medicine lead to an increase in the quality of warmth, languages with implosive consonants and clicks, as well as pharyngeal approximants and breathy voiced consonants are more concentrated. In addition, there is a greater tendency of concentration of the prototype of open-syllable languages and the languages with highest frequency of words ending to /h/ phoneme in warm areas. On the other hand, the focus of the prototype of the spectrum of close-syllable languages and the languages with the phenomenon of palatalization is more in the conditions and areas that lead to an increase in the quality of coldness. Conclusion: The findings of this study are in line with the initial theory believing the qualities of warmth and coldness as external variables can influence speech characteristics. These results can be a confirmation on the hypothesis of the present study about the possibility of the relationship between speech characteristics and qualities of warmth and coldness from the perspective of Persian medicine, although there are other confounding factors that should be evaluated in larger studies.

Background & Aim: Audit professionals’ skepticism is one of the behavioral and personality traits that is effective in reducing agency costs, audit quality, and enhancing public confidence. On this basis, it is very important to know the factors contributing to enhancement or degradation of professional skepticism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperaments and the level of professional skepticism of auditors. Methods: The statistical population consisted of auditors working in official accountants’ community of Mashhad in 2018. 147 auditors were selected using simple random sampling. Auditors' professional skepticism and temperament were measured using two valid and reliable instruments. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using multivariate linear regression at 95% significance level. Results: The results showed that hot and dry temperaments had a significant relationship with the professional skepticism variable (r = 0. 15 and p-value = 0. 04). Also, cold and wet temperament had a significant relationship with the professional skepticism variable (r =-0. 24 and p-value = 0. 03). Overall, the findings showed that those with hot and dry temperaments had more professional skepticism and those with cold and wet temperaments had less professional uncertainty. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings indicate that temperament affects the level of professional skepticism in auditors.

Background and Purpose: From the perspective of traditional medicine, each individual has a unique temperament. And it is never possible for two people to be considered the same in spite of their apparent similarity. So it may be possible to consider individual temperament as individual differences. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between the five major factors of personality and mizaj, is going to answer that question, what warmth and coldness of mizaj what warmth and temperament is associated with which of the five major factors in non-athlete female students is meaningful.Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-correlational study, 119 female students with an average age of 22.3 ± 2 were selected as the statistical sample by simple random sampling method. The sample size was determined based on Morgan table.to determine the mizaj used of mizaj questionnaire and also to determine the Big Five Personality Questionnaire Goldberg was used. To data analysis, we used of spss/19 and significant level p0/050 was considered.Results: Based on information, There is a significant relationship between exogenousity coefficient (p=0.122 and t=2.56, b=251) with warmth and coldness of non-athlete female students. But agreeableness, Orbit duty, Neuroticism and flexibility with cold and warmth, there was no statistically significant relationship (p>0.05).Conclusion: Orbit duty it’s more in warmth mizaj non-athlete female students. However, more research is needed in order to make a definitive statement in this regard.

Underground railway systems, can generate heat from their operations to raise the temperatures of carriages and the station substantially. This may lead to passenger discomfort and complain especially in warm weather conditions that prevail in Tehran if underground environment is not cooled. Transportation air conditioning Committee of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and air-conditioning Engineers proposed the Relative warmth Index for thermal comfort design and investigation in subway environment. In this research, thermal comfort at Tehran metro stations and carriages of lines 1 and 2 has been studied using this index. The measurements were taken during two periods of September 2006 and July 2007 at different zones of stations. For this purpose, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were measured at different times. The status of the air-conditioning systems together with passenger traffic was also recorded. A total number of 231 measurements including 114 and 117 measurements were carried out in September 2006 and in July 2007 respectively. The measurements in September 2006 did not exceed the thermal limit. However, it did exceed in July 2007. In comparison, with thermal comfort level of metros all over the world, Tehran Metro stands in an acceptable condition, while the maximum capacity of air-conditioning systems was not used, if so the thermal comfort condition would be better.